Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is often caused by a blockage in one or more coronary arteries due to coronary artery disease (CAD). The reduced blood flow can severely damage the heart muscle.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. It occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances, known as plaque. This process is called atherosclerosis.
The primary underlying mechanism of CAD is atherosclerosis, a process that involves the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous elements within the arterial wall. Over time, the plaque may harden or rupture, leading to a reduction in blood flow or the formation of a blood clot, respectively.
Common symptoms of CAD include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, a complete blockage of a coronary artery can lead to a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
CAD is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Common tests include electrocardiograms (ECG), stress testing, coronary angiography, and blood tests to measure cholesterol levels.
Treatment for CAD typically involves lifestyle changes, medications, and possibly surgical interventions. Lifestyle changes may include a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation. Medications might include statins, beta-blockers, or aspirin. Surgical options include angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
Preventing CAD involves managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. Regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and avoiding tobacco use are crucial preventive measures.
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is often caused by a blockage in one or more coronary arteries due to coronary artery disease (CAD). The reduced blood flow can severely damage the heart muscle.