Beta blockers are a class of medications primarily used to manage abnormal heart rhythms, protect against heart attacks, treat high blood pressure, and address other cardiovascular conditions. They work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and blood vessels, leading to a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, and thus reducing the heart's demand for oxygen.
Beta blockers inhibit the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on beta receptors. There are three types of beta receptors: β1, β2, and β3. The primary focus for cardiovascular treatment is on β1 receptors, which are predominantly found in the heart. By blocking these receptors, beta blockers result in a slower heart rate and decreased force of contraction, which lowers blood pressure and helps to prevent overexertion of the heart.
Common side effects of beta blockers include fatigue, cold hands or feet, weight gain, and depression. They should be used with caution in patients with asthma or diabetes. It's crucial to consult a healthcare provider before starting or stopping beta blockers, as abrupt changes can have serious consequences.
ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure and thus can be used in conjunction with beta blockers to optimize treatment of heart failure and hypertension. This combination can help improve survival rates and quality of life for patients with heart disease.