Sepsis is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. This dysregulated response can lead to systemic inflammation, which can progress to septic shock and multi-organ failure if not treated promptly.
Sepsis is usually triggered by a bacterial infection, but it can also result from viral, fungal, or parasitic infections. Risk factors for developing sepsis include advanced age, a weakened immune system, chronic illnesses such as diabetes or cancer, and invasive medical procedures.
Early signs and symptoms of sepsis may include fever, increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, confusion, and extreme discomfort or pain. As it progresses, symptoms may worsen, leading to septic shock, characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure.
Diagnosis of sepsis is based on clinical evaluation and laboratory tests, which may include blood cultures, imaging studies, and biomarkers of infection and inflammation. Treatment involves prompt administration of antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and supportive care to stabilize the patient's condition and prevent organ failure.
Nurses play a critical role in the early detection and management of sepsis. Key responsibilities include monitoring vital signs, assessing for changes in mental status, initiating sepsis protocols, and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
During sepsis, the body's response to infection can cause a decrease in blood pressure and perfusion to the kidneys, leading to acute kidney injury. This condition is characterized by a rapid decline in renal function, which can exacerbate the overall severity of sepsis and increase the risk of mortality. Prompt recognition and management of AKI in the context of sepsis are crucial for improving patient outcomes.